How a biofilm forms:

A biofilm develops in several distinct stages on humid surfaces found in greenhouses like piping, basins, irrigation systems, and more. Planktonic bacteria (which multiply freely in the liquid) first attach reversibly to available surfaces. These cells then secrete a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that anchors them irreversibly. The colony subsequently develops into structured microcolonies, eventually forming a mature biofilm 10 to 1,000 times more resistant to conventional cleaners than isolated bacteria. Finally, some cells detach to colonize new surfaces, propagating the cycle. The animation below illustrates these formation stages visually. For a detailed analysis of the mechanisms, the pathogens involved, and cleaning protocols suited to each stage, see our complete Biofilm 101 guide.